8. True/False Review and Chapter Summary Use your knowledge of argument forms and the counterexample method to determine which, if any, of the following statements are true.

Check all that apply.

Every argument form is either a valid form or an invalid form.

Counterexamples are used to prove the validity of an argument.

When attempting to give a counterexample, you should substitute terms or statements that will yield premises and a conclusion with indisputable truth values.

In an argument form for a hypothetical syllogism, the letters will stand for statements.

A substitution instance with true premises and a true conclusion will not prove that an argument form is valid.

A counterexample may have false premises and a false conclusion.

A substitution instance is a representation of the logical structure of an argument using form words and letters.

To represent the logical relationships in an argument, an argument form uses capital letters as a replacement for the meaningful content.

Any set of sentences such that some are true and another is false is a counterexample to every invalid argument form.

Not all valid arguments have the same argument form.

Some valid arguments are substitution instances of invalid argument forms.

If an argument is a substitution instance of both a valid argument form and an invalid argument form, then the argument is valid.

Since it is impossible for the premises to be true and the conclusion to be false when an argument is valid, it follows that no counterexample can be given to a valid argument form.

It is possible to give a counterexample to a valid argument that has false premises and a false conclusion.

Some invalid arguments have valid argument forms.

a biography is a genre that mainly accounts somebody's life and that is written by somebody else. this genre supports sonia nazario's desire to share enrique's life because she can fully inform readers of his entire emotional journey.

in a biography, an author can share the readers almost everything about a person's life, or just one key event or personal aspect the author is interested in telling, like in this specific case in which sonia nazario is centered in enrique's emotional journey.

the anwser is went creeping down the river again, across the wide lonely marshes to the sea.

i longed to go with them out into the world to seek my fortune in foreign lands—africa, india, china and peru!

and, dreaming of the lands i had never seen, i'd sit on there, watching till they were out of sight.

the illustration   that would give a reader a clear understanding of the text is a picture of men constructing the frame of a building.the frame is made of iron bars. the text describes the job of blacksmiths'. these were very organised and they had different names: "the driver" and "the heater". the text describes the way in which these men worked ; they worked iron pieces as if they were playing a sport. in fact, the text wants to show the men's skills. the text also puts some emphasis on the use of '' rivets'' in construction. this kind of nails were not always used in the construction of manhattan.

some examples:

"and with an underhand toss he hurled the smoking rivet straight at the catcher, who caught it in mid-air in his catching can." men's skills

"when the driver was ready for a new " the emphasis on the rivet ( special nail used in construction).

" it against a beam to remove any cinders, and jammed it into the waiting hole. " the emphasis on the rivet.

imagery :

"facing the rising sun of our new day begun"

paints a vivid picture and emphasizes the meaning, purpose, and emotional weight of the piece

alliteration:

"sing a song full of the faith".

contributes to the musical quality

oxymoron:

"silent tears"

intensifies the emotional content of the poem

simile :

"loud as the rolling sea"

conveys a sense of widespread rejoicing

explanation:

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