Read this excerpt from "Edward Jenner and the History of Smallpox and Vaccination.” The origin of smallpox as a natural disease is lost in prehistory. It is believed to have appeared around 10,000 BC, at the time of the first agricultural settlements in northeastern Africa. It seems plausible that it spread from there to India by means of ancient Egyptian merchants.

What is the central claim of the excerpt?

It is difficult to trace the beginnings of smallpox.
Smallpox was most dangerous in prehistoric times.
Smallpox most likely originated from farms in India.
It is unclear how other diseases are related to smallpox.

In these frames, the author emphasize the challenges lqbal faced by showing

Read the excerpt from act 3 of a doll’s house. mrs. linde: you seemed to me to imply that with me you might have been quite another man. krogstad: i am certain of it. mrs. linde: is it too late now? krogstad: christine, are you saying this deliberately? yes, i am sure you are. i see it in your face. have you really the courage, then—? mrs. linde: i want to be a mother to someone, and your children need a mother. we two need each other. nils, i have faith in your real character—i can dare anything together with you. krogstad [grasps her hands]. , , christine! now i shall find a way to clear myself in the eyes of the world. ah, but i forgot— how does the conflict in this passage develop a theme? mrs. linde creates a conflict by promising something she cannot give to krogstad, which develops the theme that empty promises can destroy relationships. krogstad continues the conflict by choosing clearing his name over having a life with mrs. linde, which develops the theme that you must often choose yourself over others. krogstad creates a conflict by deceiving mrs. linde about his intentions, which develops the theme that, in love, actions speak louder than words. mrs. linde resolves the conflict by committing to a new life with krogstad, which develops the theme that new beginnings are always possible.

Which pair of uses of figurative language from “the caged bird” support the extended metaphor of freedom versus oppression? back of the wind; floats downstream his wings are clipped; his feet are tied the caged bird sings; the free bird thinks dawn bright lawn; grave of dreams