What is transformation in grammar

Someone answer soon i need it for this test! select the correct text in the passage.which line in this excerpt uses the logical fallacy of ad hominem?

In which sentence does the underlined adverb modify a verb? (i’ll put the words that are underlined in caps) a. water young plants often. b. water young plants rather often. c. we generally water young plants often. d. water very young plants often.

Which of the following story descriptions most directly shares themes with the passage above