Read paragraph 8 of “Conformity” [8] Researchers have also explored the “dark side” of conformity. The need to be accepted and the fear of punishment for deviating from group norms can, in many cases, impel people to adopt negative attitudes or behaviors. A phenomenon called the “spiral of silence” can occur when one opinion becomes entirely socially dominant because those with other opinions are afraid to speak out. Human history is rife with examples of the destructive power of mass conformity.

Part A: What does the phrase "spiral of silence" mean as it is used in paragraph 8?

Group of answer choices

a result of conformity in which no one speaks because the group norm is to avoid confrontation

a result of internalization in which people believe that they agree with the dominant opinion

a result of conformity in which people who have different opinions are afraid to speak or act on them

a result of having so many opinions available in a situation that society loses the value of silent listening