How do bystanders play a role in perpetuating the cause(s) of those who are perpetrators?

1. in "the legend of sleepy hollow," how does his habit of reading frightening tales in the afternoon affect ichabod crane? a. it makes him fall asleep next to the brook by his schoolhouse. b. it makes him think about creating scary stories of his own. c. it makes him nervous and fearful at night. d. it makes him that there is no danger in sleepy hollow. 2. in "the legend of sleepy hollow," how does brom bones feel when he sees ichabod crane dancing with katrina van tassel at the party? a. relieved b. bored c. confused d. jealous 3. in "the legend of sleepy hollow," what happens to ichabod crane after he leaves the party? a. he is challenged to a duel by brom bones. b. he is fired from his job and asked to leave sleepy hollow. c. he is married to katrina van tassel and they live happily ever after. d. he is chased by someone he believes to be the headless horseman. 4. how do the villagers react to rip van winkle when he first returns to town after disappearing for 20 years? a. they are kind to him. b. they ignore him. c. they are suspicious of him. d. they celebrate him as a hero. 5. which best describes rip van winkle? a. he's smart, funny, and generous, but he's also spiteful. b. he's sweet, romantic, and handsome, but he's also impatient. c. he's simple, good-natured, and well-liked, but he's also lazy. d. he's old, wise, and friendly, but he also has a short temper 6. which best describes "rip van winkle"? a. it is an american epic. b. it is a true story. c. it is a ballad. d. it is an american legend. -=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-

What is meant by “eternally burning black pipes”? what is this implying about the personality of the firemen?

What is the meaning of each underlined word in these excerpts from "a modest proposal" by jonathan swift? i think it is agreed by all parties, that this prodigious number of children in the arms, or on the backs, or at the heels of their mothers, and frequently of their fathers, is in the present deplorable state of the kingdom, a very great additional grievance; and therefore whoever could find out a fair, cheap and easy method of making these children sound and useful members of the common-wealth, would deserve so well of the publick, as to have his statue set up for a preserver of the nation. some persons of a desponding spirit are in great concern about that vast number of poor people, who are aged, diseased, or maimed; and i have been desired to employ my thoughts what course may be taken, to ease the nation of so grievous an incumbrance. the word prodigious means . the word desponding means .