Which school of thought focused on objective sensations, such as sight and taste, and subjective feelings, such as emotional responses, to study the conscious mind?

That would be Structuralism.
Here are some of psychology schools of thought with definitions:
Structuralism is using introspection – inspecting oneself to make sense of one’s experiences.
Functionalism – understanding the reason behind the psychological capacities of animals and humans.
Psychodynamic focuses on unconscious thoughts and feelings, as well as childhood experiences.
Behaviorism – studying the behavior to objectively quantify the mind.
Cognitive – studying of mental processes such as perception, thinking, memory and judgement
Social-cultural – how situations and society affect the people’s thinking and feeling.

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