The inchcape rock
by robert southey

the ballad of "the inchcape rock" retells the legend of a treacherous reef in the north sea, of the kind abbot who sought to protect sailors from the rocks, and of the rover who sought to sabotage the abbot's efforts for his own gain.

no stir in the air, no stir in the sea,
the ship was as still as she could be;
her sails from heaven received no motion;
her keel was steady in the ocean.

without either sign or sound of their shock
the waves flowed over the inchcape rock;
so little they rose, so little they fell,
they did not move the inchcape bell.

the good old abbot of aberbrothok
had placed that bell on the inchcape rock;
on a buoy in the storm it floated and swung,
and over the waves its warning rung.

when the rock was hid by the surges’ swell,
the mariners heard the warning bell;
and then they knew the perilous rock
and blessed the abbot of aberbrothok.

the sun in heaven was shining gay,—
all things were joyful on that day;
the sea birds screamed as they wheeled around,
and there was joyance in their sound.

the buoy of the inchcape bell was seen,
a darker spot on the ocean green;
sir ralph the rover walked his deck
and he fixed his eye on the darker speck.

he felt the cheering power of spring,—
it made him whistle, it made him sing;
his heart was mirthful to excess,
but the rover’s mirth was wickedness.

his eye was on the inchcape float.
quoth he, “my men, put out the boat
and row me to the inchcape rock,
and i’ll plague the abbot of aberbrothok.”

the boat is lowered, the boatmen row,
and to the inchcape rock they go;
sir ralph bent over from the boat,
and he cut the bell from the inchcape float.

down sank the bell with a gurgling sound;
the bubbles rose and burst around.
quoth sir ralph, “the next who comes to the rock
won’t bless the abbot of aberbrothok.”

sir ralph the rover sail’d away,—
he scoured the seas for many a day;
and now, grown rich with plundered store,
he steers his course for scotland’s shore.

so thick a haze o’erspreads the sky
they cannot see the sun on high;
the wind hath blown a gale all day;
at evening it hath died away.

on the deck the rover takes his stand;
so dark it is they see no land.
quoth sir ralph, “it will be lighter soon,
for there is the dawn of the rising moon.”

“canst hear,” said one, “the breakers roar?
methinks we should be near the shore.”
“now where we are i cannot tell,
but i wish i could hear the inchcape bell.”

they hear no sound; the swell is strong;
though the wind hath fallen, they drift along
till the vessel strikes with a shivering shock,
full on the ledge of the inchcape rock!

sir ralph the rover tore his hair;
he curst himself in his despair;
the waves rush in on every side—
the ship is sinking beneath the tide.

how does the imagery of sir ralph’s reaction affect the mood of this stanza?

sir ralph the rover tore his hair;
he curst himself in his despair;
the waves rush in on every side—
the ship is sinking beneath the tide.

a sir ralph feels bad about what he did, and he begs forgiveness, which creates a repentant mood.

b sir ralph acknowledges that he is to blame for what happens, creating a mood of acceptance.

c sir ralph reacts in a dramatic, deeply unhappy way, creating an anguished mood.

d sir ralph is proud of what he did and does not realize the consequences of his actions, creating an arrogant mood.