Which of the following describes the relationship between elements of an ecosystem?
a. elements of ecosystems are mutually dependent on each other.
b. there is no relationship between elements within an ecosystem.
c. abiotic elements are dependent on each other, while biotic elements are not dependent each other.
d. a cause and effect relationship is limited to abiotic elements only
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A.Elements of ecosystems are mutually dependent on each other.

Explanation:

Elements of ecosystem include biotic and abiotic factors which are dependent on each other mutually. The biotic factors are dependent on abiotic factors and viceversa. For example, the plants respire and produce carbon dioxide gas which becomes the part of atmosphere. Also, in photosynthesis of plants produces water and oxygen. The water is an essential abiotic element and oxygen becomes the part of air.

i think it’s c i believe that

the first phase of the government’s plan for settlement was building the transcontinental railroad. the railroad provided a way to bring settlers and manufactured goods west and ship their agricultural and mining produce east. the transcontinental railroad was an essential artery for rapid development of the frontier.

the second phase of the government’s plan was a liberal land distribution policy that made it possible for many people to homestead. with these two key elements—transportation and cheap land—the government rapidly achieved its goal of persuading people to move west, settle on farms, and push back the frontier.