The type of deformation in which the object permanently changes size and shape without fracturing is called ductile deformation elastic deformation brittle deformation stress deformation

ductile deformation

The type of deformation in which the object permanently changes size and shape without fracturing is called ductile deformation. As a result of ductile deformation bonds become broken in ductile flow but subsequently reform into new bonds. This phenomenon is promoted by higher temperatures.

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answer; (d) melting of sea ice;