Na given year, a country’s exports are worth $12 billion and its imports are worth $4 billion. how much is the trade deficit or surplus for this country?

trade surplus is $8 billion

If a country’s exports are worth $12 billion and its imports are worth $4 billion, this means that the country has a trade surplus because exports are greater than the imports. The trade surplus for this country is ($12 billion- $4 billion) or $8 billion. This also means that the country’s currency demand is higher.  

the first phase of the government’s plan for settlement was building the transcontinental railroad. the railroad provided a way to bring settlers and manufactured goods west and ship their agricultural and mining produce east. the transcontinental railroad was an essential artery for rapid development of the frontier.

the second phase of the government’s plan was a liberal land distribution policy that made it possible for many people to homestead. with these two key elements—transportation and cheap land—the government rapidly achieved its goal of persuading people to move west, settle on farms, and push back the frontier.

a characteristic is a deep cut in the earth or left over rock aka till.