How does a geoegrapher conclude that two (or more) phenomena are "spatially associated," that is, that they bear some sort of relatiosnhip?

"Spatially Associated"

Explanation:

Geographer tires to find out the root causes that link both of the phenomenon that are related to each other in terms of their sociological, ecological, physical aspects. Geographers differentiate the phenomenon form the first of the other phenomenon by using universal models and try to draw out a similarity that exists between the processes that shape the landscape. The spatially correlated or spatially associated or linked in both space and time example: human settlements, rainfall and pH of soil etc.

b.

developed countries have tended to improve the environment, while developing countries have tended to damage it.