Which of the following is an example of a density-independent factor limiting population growth?

a. competition for food
b. the presence of predators
c. a forest fire that was caused by lightning
d. an outbreak of wasting disease in elk

The best answer to this question is:

C. A forest fire that was caused by lightning.

A forest fire could kill for example all the individuals of a certain species in a given area - this would be independent of the population density of the species. All the other factors would affect the population the more, the more dense it is.
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