The large-scale motions in the atmosphere show a convection cell (convective loop). the bold dark arrows show that air is rising in the stormy weather area of the western pacific and [(rising)(sinking)] in the eastern tropical pacific.

Sinking

Explanation:

The weather conditions of the water and in the air during El Nino changes, while the air pressure is higher in the central pacific during normal conditions, it changes during El nino and is lower in the center of the pacific than to the west.

Due to these changes, trade winds get weaker and the flow of the water goes in the opposite direction, thereby sinking in the east.

since there isn't any suggested answers i will give you the reason and hopefully you can figure it

south africa, or rather all of africa, has not been in the location in which it is nowadays throughout the geological past. after the super-continent pangaea started to break apart, gondwanaland, in which was africa, moved further south, and parts of it came to be very close to the south pole. because the climate in this part of the world is very cold due to the very dispersed sun rays in there, what is now south africa, started to freeze, and the conditions were right for the formation of glaciers. the glaciers existed up until the period when gondwanaland started to break apart and what is now africa started to move towards north, sp it warmed up and the glaciers melted.