Which of the following does not determine species' range limits? a) the substrate. b) latitude. c) altitude d) disturbances such as fire. e) all of the above play a role in determine a species' range.

Option (E)

Explanation:

A species range is usually defined as the geographical area where any group of particular species dwells during its entire life span. This range of species includes those areas of species migration as well as hibernation.

The range of these species are controlled by different factors such as latitude (such as tropical and polar zones that are marked by vast difference in terms of temperature), heights (like high mountain ranges and plateaus), substrate (a place on which or from where an organism grow), climate ( as it differs from one place to another). In addition to this, forest fire also occurs in the forests that destroys the habitat of these species, and their range of existence is affected.

Thus, a species range is controlled by all the above-given factors.

Hence, the correct answer is option (E).