Separated from the rest of Europe by mountains, Spain and Portugal are less
developed today because they missed the
A. Reformation
B. Industrial Revolution
C. Glorious Revolution
D. First World War

The answer is B. The rippling affects of them missing out of industrializing went all the way to the early 2000s. During the 80s they were a third world country. This only worsened because of the Spanish civil war in which the nationalists won but at a cost and Francisco Franco as a fascist dictator all the way till the 70s. Portugal was the once former colonizer and with small space on Europe, they fell under the bus of industrialization. Civil wars or wars in general or missing out on catching up with the rest of Europe has happened to many other countries, some examples are Italy when it took a series of wars to unite it and it tried industrializing but not as much as the U.K, Germany, or France. Other victims are Serbia, Bosgnia, Croatia, Albania, Greece, Romania, Bulgaria, Montenegro, and Moldova. These countries are underdeveloped was because the hundreds of wars between the Austrian/Hungarian empire and the Ottomans, and then came the two world wars, and to sure up their fate, the Soviet Union occupied them and starved their population and repressed any form of protest or means of change. I hope that explains it.

Answer primary waves;

No, because you are more likely to see volcanic mountains where magma is rising along the mid-ocean ridge spreading to the center.