Explain the historical circumstances that led to the historical development depicted in the map of The World in 1648 and European Commercial Expansion, 1600-1700

Peace of Westphalia occur in 1648 while European Commercial Expansion after this peace of Westphalia.

Explanation:

In the year 1648, Peace of Westphalia held which brought to an end the Eighty Years War between Spain, Dutch and the German. The Peace of Westphalia established peace in the region and balance of power in Europe. This peace led to the European Commercial Expansion around the world.  European Commercial Expansion was done by the European countries in order to boost their economy and gain power over the region.

the answer is b. apsidal precession