Please help me I really don't understand :(

Which of the following is true about fossils? a. the relative age of fossils cannot be determined from their position in sedimentary layers. b. fossils found in lower layers of sedimentary rock are as old as fossils found in upper layers of sedimentary rock. c. fossils found in upper layers of sedimentary rock are older than fossils found in lower layers of sedimentary rock. d. fossils found in lower layers of sedimentary rock are older than fossils found in upper layers of sedimentary rock.

Hurricanes a. usually form over land b. usually intensify over land c. gain strength from ocean heat d. usually form over the poles

Scientist: cross-sections of stalactites—calcite formations deposited on cave ceilings by seeping water—can reveal annual variations in rainfall in particular areas over hundreds and thousands of years. we often found that when—according to these cross-sections—drought occurred in a particular area, it coincided with the collapse of an ancient society in that area. i hypothesize that drought reduced agricultural productivity in these areas, thereby leaving these societies without the resources needed to handle internal stresses and external threats. which of the following, if true, would most weaken the support for the scientist's hypothesis? a. many droughts indicated in the cross-sections of stalactites do not correspond with the collapse of a society in that area. b. information from the cross-sections of stalactites alone cannot reveal the level of agricultural output in an area at a particular time. c. most of the societies that collapsed during droughts did so when internal power struggles coincided with military raids from neighboring societies. d. most of the societies that collapsed during droughts maintained large stockpiles of food and water at the time of their collapse. e. information from stalactites also suggests that the collapse of some societies coincided with periods of abnormally high rainfall.