How is the lithosphere different from the asthenosphere?

What empire controlled most of the middle east except for a few years between 1516 and 1917, where was the capital of this empire located and what was the geographic extent of this empire?

Hey people my question is what happens if the earth crust was never apart of the earth just got a new account very upset because my other account didn't work no more so and you for everything gracious < 3< 3< 3

Using examples from various part of the world that is countries, examine the assertion that mere presence of abundant natural resources in a country does not guarantee rapid socio economic development?