Describe the climate and vegetation on the tundra and the steppes

The great scientist alfred wegener proposed that continents have moved, while other scientists such as t.c.chamberlin argued against wegener. wegener's ideas eventually won, and are now widely accepted, because: a) wegener's ideas were more beautiful, and so were favored by the intellectual elite.b) wegener's ideas did a better job of predicting the results of new observations and experiments.c) wegener's ideas appealed to dead white european males, whereas chamberlin's didn't.d) wegener's ideas appalled dead white european males, and we all know that in this politically correct era,dead white european males cannot get a fair shake.e) wegener won the nobel prize.

What empire controlled most of the middle east except for a few years between 1516 and 1917, where was the capital of this empire located and what was the geographic extent of this empire?

In africa what do they call a crop grown for direct sale and not for use?