Was the scramble for africa positive or negative for the continent?

In what climate does shifting cultivation predominate? and, what are its two characteristics?

Impressions of tropical swamp plants were observed on rocks in polar regions. the impressions were dark black imprints, which means the fossils are examples of ( 1 ) the fossils tell us that polar regions ( 2 ) ( 1 ) a. carbonization b. mineralization c. trace fossils ( 2 ) a. had tropical plants that can grow in ice b. might have had a diffierent climate in the past c. will have abundent vegitation

If the distance between two points on the ground is 10 miles and the distance between the same two points on a map is 4 inches, what is the map scale expressed as a ratio?