How did the Crusades help lead to European exploration? pls help ty!

What statistics are to determine the development of a nation?

What is the "great pacific garbage patch"? (a) a large area of marine debris concentrated by rotating ocean currents (b) a large area around the pacific rim where debris collects from natural disasters such as tsunamis (c) an area in the pacific ocean where trash is intentionally dumped due to lack of landfill availability (d) a large trash dump located in hawaii

Gemstones are commonly found in pegmatites, which are igneous rocks that are a. exceptionally mafic b. exceptionally coarse grained c. exceptionally fine grained d. extrusive, forming from lava