The amount of destruction caused by earthquake vibrations is affected by . nature of the surface material intensity and duration of the vibrations design of structures Design of structures, intensity and duration of the vibrations, and the nature of surface material all affect the amount of destruction caused by earthquake waves.

d. stage 4

explanation:

the existence of some kind of demographic transition is widely accepted in the social sciences because of the well-established historical correlation linking dropping fertility to social and economic development.[1] scholars debate whether industrialization and higher incomes lead to lower population, or whether lower populations lead to industrialization and higher incomes. scholars also debate to what extent various proposed and sometimes inter-related factors such as higher per capita income,lower mortality, old-age security, and rise of demand for human capital are involved.[2]