Which of the following is not an effective way to manage forests and trees?
a. planned harvesting
b. planting replacements
c. clearcutting
d. soil maintenance

C. Clearcutting is not an effective way to manage forests and trees. Clearcutting refers to cutting down every tree in an area, which is obviously not going to bring them back once they are destroyed. However, the remaining options are indeed effective ways to do so - planned harvesting means that only those trees that can be harvested are, while the other ones are given more time to grow. Planting replacements is obviously going to result in more trees, and soil maintenance is going to give trees better conditions to grow.

Answer(a); // soil salinization and waterlogging;