Smoking cigarettes and having lung cancer are highly correlated events, and people often logically conclude that smoking must cause the cancer. it is hypothetically possible, however, that having lung cancer causes one to crave nicotine and thus it leads to smoking. this example illustrates the issue of

Vicious Cycle

Explanation:

Cigarette smoking increases an individuals' chances of developing lung cancer markedly which has been proven by the “ Protease Antiprotease theory “ Thus, smoking is a harmful habit and it is injurious to health.

On the other hand , a lung cancer patient , regardless of whether he or she is a smoker or not, craves for nicotine.

Thus , two harmful things complement each other. This SMOKING-LUNG CANCER-SMOKING Cycle is known as vicious cycle as it is extremely detrimental for health.

answer; (c); /out to the side and directly under the dogs neck.