The shape of the external ear is maintained by

just have more confidence in yourself.

answer is b

  a   having low self-esteem

  b   having abusive family members

  c   having poor school attendance

  d   having friends who discuss gang life

living torture and being abused makes one not mind harming other people.

and also not being supported and abusing one turns one into this state.

answer(c); cultural values may have affected jack's grandmother's and aunt's belief about extended family;