Two studies test a hypothesis about the association between crime and drug use. study a uses a cross-sectional survey design to test the hypothesis that crime increases drug use. adults are surveyed and asked about their levels of drug use and criminal behavior. study b uses a cross-sectional survey design to test the hypothesis that juvenile delinquency causes drug use. adults are surveyed about their delinquent behaviors in adolescence and whether they are currently using drugs. with respect to the two studies:
a. study a does a better job of meeting criteria for establishing causality between variablesb. neither a nor b does a better job of meeting the criteria for establishing a causal connectionc. study a is preferable to study bin terms of the criterion of association onlyd. study b does a better job of meeting criteria for establishing causality between variablese. study b is preferable in terms of the criterion of nonspuriousness only