Many of joe's signs and symptoms can be related to the loss of glucose in his urine. normally, urine does not contain glucose. when plasma glucose levels are elevated, however, some of the glucose from the plasma passes into the urine. apply the principle of osmosis to explain why joe was getting up all night to use the bathroom and why he has low blood pressure and signs of dehydration.
choose the most accurate explanation for joe's problem.
a. the frequent urination is happening because the urine contains a large volume of glucose. the loss of glucose from his plasma has decreased his blood volume.
b. the frequent urination is happening as part of a feedback loop to regulate his blood volume. it does not have anything to do with his plasma glucose.
c. the frequent urination is happening because his kidneys have stopped working. the kidney failure leads to low blood pressure.
d. the frequent urination is happening because when glucose moved into his urine, water also followed it. this removed water from his plasma, decreasing his blood volume and dehydrating him.

    however, coronary heart disease , or chd, is actually a result of coronary artery disease, or cad, said edward a. fisher, m.d., ph.d., m.p.h., an american heart association volunteer who is the leon h. charney professor of cardiovascular medicine and also of the marc and ruti bell vascular biology and disease program at the nyu school of medicine.

  with coronary artery disease, plaque first grows within the walls of the coronary arteries until the blood flow to the heart’s muscle is limited. view an illustration of coronary arteries. this is also called ischemia. it may be chronic, narrowing of the coronary artery over time and limiting of the blood supply to part of the muscle. or it can be acute, resulting from a sudden rupture of a plaque and formation of a thrombus or blood clot.

    the traditional risk factors for coronary artery disease are high ldl cholesterol, low hdl cholesterol, high blood pressure, family history, diabetes, smoking, being post-menopausal for women and being older than 45 for men, according to fisher. obesity may also be a risk factor.

    “coronary artery disease begins in childhood, so that by the teenage years, there is evidence that plaques that will stay with us for life are formed in most people,” said fisher, who is former editor of the american heart association journal, atvb. “preventive measures instituted early are thought to have greater lifetime benefits. healthy lifestyles will delay the progression of cad, and there is hope that cad can be regressed before it causes chd.”

  living a healthy lifestyle that incorporates good nutrition, weight management and getting plenty of physical activity can play a big role in avoiding cad.

    “coronary artery disease is preventable,” agreed johnny lee, m.d., president of new york heart associates, and an american heart association volunteer. “typical warning signs are chest pain, shortness of breath, palpitations and even fatigue.” if you feel any of these symptoms, don’t delay — call 9-1-1.