The results from research have been known to produce harms to members of the sampled population who do not actually participate in the research study. An example of the type of research that could result in group harms is: 1) A study on the effects of incentives, such as free books, on absenteeism in elementary schools. 2) A study of the genetic links between DNA samples found at a prehistoric central Asian archeological site and west coast Native American tribes. 3) A hair restoration study in middle aged men. 4) A study of the efficacy of a new birth control device in middle aged women.