Help me with this one.

Which of the following are considered general purposes of performing pulmonary function tests (pfts)? 1. the functional status of the lungs 2. the diffusion characteristics of the alveolar-capillary membrane 3. how much and how fast gas can be moved into and out of the lungs 4. the specific diagnosis of pulmonary disease

You are assessing an 86-year-old postoperative patient who has an unexpressive, stoic demeanor. when you enter the room, the patient is curled into the fetal position and your assessment reveals that his vital signs are elevated and he is diaphoretic. you ask the patient what his pain level is on a 0-to-10 scale that you explained to the patient prior to surgery. the patient indicates a pain level of “three or so.” you review your pain-management orders and find that all medications are ordered prn. how would you treat this patient's pain?

Skin puncture techniques are useful when