By the beginning of the 20 th century, a greater percentage of Americans were addicted to opioids than at any time before or since. Opium smoking and medical use of injected pure morphine were important contributors to this, along with:

The theory of vicarious liability or ostensible agency can expose a health plan to the risk thatit could be held liable for the acts of independent contractors. factors that may give rise to theassumption that an agency relationship exists between a health plan and its independentcontractors include