Michael is a 17-year-old high school football player who has recently been doing "two a day" practices in preparation for the upcoming season. He is in good physical condition at 70 inches and 165 pounds. He is attempting to gain weight, so he has increased his intake of protein foods and estimates he eats approximately 3500 kcalories a day. One particularly hot afternoon, Micah is sweating profusely and begins to feel weak and has a difficult time keeping up with his usual practice routines. Noticing that his face is visibly flushed, his coach has him sit out of practice. Micah reports having eaten 2 peanut butter and jelly sandwiches, potato chips, and a can of soda for lunch, about 2 hours before practice. He had a breakfast burrito with eggs and cheese for breakfast with a 12-ounce glass of orange juice.

1. Which is typically one of the early symptoms of dehydration?

a. dry mouth

b. flushed skin

c. fatigue

d. irritability

e. dizziness

2. Based on these signs of dehydration, what percentage of body fluid would you estimate Michael has lost?

a. less than 1

b. 1 to 2

c. 3 to 4

d. 5 to 6

e. 7 to 9

3. Michael is considering snack foods and wants to pick items that will improve his hydration. In terms the percentage of water they provide, which of the following would be the best choice?

a. grapes

b. bananas

c. strawberries

d. oranges

e. apples

3. Along with water, what else has Michael lost through sweating?

a. copper

b. manganese

c. iron

d. sodium

e. glucose

5. Assuming his energy intake and energy expenditure are in balance, how much fluid should Michael be taking in each day?

a. 2.0 to 3.5 liters

b. 3.5 to 5.25 liters

c. 5.25 to 7.0 liters

d. 7.0 to 10.0 liters

e. 10.0 to 12.0 liters

6. What brain structure is importantly involved in thirst and water satiety?

a. hippocampus

b. pineal

c. amygdala

d. hypothalamus

e. cerebellum