Good coding specialists share which of the following characteristics?
a. advanced degrees, interest in confidential medical information, dedication to long hours
b. good management skills, perfectionism, accounting knowledge
c. advanced computer skills, ability to work from home, interest in specific specialty areas of medicine
d. attention to detail, thorough understanding of medical processes, ability to analyze large amounts of information

You are assessing an 86-year-old postoperative patient who has an unexpressive, stoic demeanor. when you enter the room, the patient is curled into the fetal position and your assessment reveals that his vital signs are elevated and he is diaphoretic. you ask the patient what his pain level is on a 0-to-10 scale that you explained to the patient prior to surgery. the patient indicates a pain level of “three or so.” you review your pain-management orders and find that all medications are ordered prn. how would you treat this patient's pain?