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In which way does nicotine cause addiction? by stimulating the brain's pleasure center by increasing blood-sugar levels by decreasing dopamine levels by reducing depression and anxiety

Lyme disease is caused by a bacterium transmitted to people by deer ticks. deer ticks are almost never born infected with the bacterium, but they can pick it up from feeding on an infected host in any of the tick's three successive stage of development: larva, nymph, adult. once infected, a tick remains infected through any subsequent developmental stages, but since a tick feeds on only one host in each stage, it follows that . people can be infected only by being bitten by a tick that is either in larval stage or in the nymph stage b. people cannot be infected by a tick that picked up the lyme disease bacterium in the adult stage c. it is not possible for a person to be infected by a tick that is in the nymph stage or by a tick that was infected with the bacterium while in the nymph stage d. people infected with the lyme disease bacterium cannot transmit bacterium to adult deer ticks e. only deer ticks that are adults can transmit the lyme disease bacterium to people

Investigator a has biological specimens that are coded and linked to identifiers of the source individuals. investigator a provides the specimens to investigator b but does not provide the individual identifiers. investigator b agrees not to re-identify the source individuals. is investigator b's research using the biospecimens human subjects research according to the definition of human subjects research in the federal regulations?