Coach burke was emphasizing proper hitting mechanics during tuesday’s practice at the ball field. he was extremely impressed to see several of his players hit the ball off the outfield fence and a few over the fence during batting practice. the players increased their hitting distance by:

choking up on the bat and decelerating their bat speed
extending their arms and maximizing the bat speed upon contact
gripping the bat tighter to insure more control over the swing
reducing the force of the swing upon contact

You are assessing an 86-year-old postoperative patient who has an unexpressive, stoic demeanor. when you enter the room, the patient is curled into the fetal position and your assessment reveals that his vital signs are elevated and he is diaphoretic. you ask the patient what his pain level is on a 0-to-10 scale that you explained to the patient prior to surgery. the patient indicates a pain level of “three or so.” you review your pain-management orders and find that all medications are ordered prn. how would you treat this patient's pain?