The creation of an artificial opening between the urinary bladder and the exterior of the body is a/an

Cystostomy

Explanation:

Some individuals may experience difficulty with getting urine out of their system probably due to certain infection, old age or other related problems such that passing out urinary waste becomes a major problem. When this occurs and persist, the way out may be to employ the use of a device called catheter which is a tube which leads out of the lower abdomen and help drain the bladder. This process of creating a narrow passage which is artificially drilled to aid the passage of urine from the urinary bladder is called Cystostomy.

c. the percentage of essential body fat is the same for both males and females.