What often happened to patients in the early years of using electroshock therapy?

Which term defines one's age as measured by how well the body is working? chronological age biological age social age mental age

What are your thoughts on nonhuman trials? do you feel that testing should be done on animals? what are the advantages and disadvantages with nonhuman trails?

Some viruses can be crystallized and their structures analyzed. one such virus is yellow mottle virus, which infects beans. this virus has a single-stranded rna genome containing about 6300 nucleotides. its capsid is 25-30 nm in diameter and contains 180 identical capsomeres.if the yellow mottle virus begins its infection of a cell by using its genome as mrna, which of the following would you expect to be able to measure? a) replication rateb) transcription ratec) translation rated) formation of new transcription factors