Flagellants a. were jews who beat themselves in an effort to avoid harsher abuse by christians. b. were christian fanatics who physically scourged themselves during the black death. c. were hereditary slaves in fifteenth-century italy. d. were a new order of friars which were established in france by joan of arc. e. was the term used to describe the aristocratic opponents of rebelling serfs.

affirmative action refers to the policies that take gender, race, or ethnicity into account in order to promote equal opportunity.

employers subject to title vii are prohibited from taking race or sex into account in any employment decisions. aa is a penalty for having any job group substantially statistically "underutilized" in any race or either sex. the employer must take steps to eliminate the underutilization, then stop, ending its aa efforts