Was introduced in 1828 and consists of campaign slogans, rallies, buttons, and more recently television advertisements that denounce their rival candidates.

Smear campaigns , is the right answer.

Explanation:

The presidential election of the year 1828 in the United States was one of the most quarrelsome elections in the history of the United States. In this election, smear campaigns were introduced in the United States. The smear campaigns were consists of rallies, campaigning slogans, buttons, television advertisements that denounced the opposition and their candidates. These smear campaigns were introduced by Andrew Jackson, who was infuriated with the backdoor politics.

all of the following apply except for (a. excessive credit on real estate resulting in defaulted loans.

in 1819, panic swept the country due,in part, to the rapid expansion of american manufacturing during the war of 1812 and the distress caused by the post-war british competition. the rapid expansion of american farming was another factor.

explanation:

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