Identify the characteristics of two landmark nineteenth-century supreme court cases

a 19th century rendition of the port of new york.

since the court's ruling gibbons v. ogden (1824), the commerce clause has provided the basis for sweeping congressional power over a multitude of national issues. above, a 19th century rendition of the port of new york.

reproduction courtesy of the library of congressgibbons v. ogden (1824)

gibbons v. ogden (1824) vastly expanded the powers of congress through a single clause in the constitution: the commerce clause of article i, section 8. the court ruled that under that clause congress had powers to regulate any aspect of commerce that crossed state lines, including modes of transportation, and that such regulation preempted conflicting regulation by the states. since gibbons, the commerce clause has provided the basis for sweeping congressional power over a multitude of national issues.

the dispute in gibbons concerned competing claims of rival steamship franchises. the state of new york gave aaron ogden an exclusive license to operate steamboat ferries between new jersey and new york city on the hudson river. thomas gibbons, another steamboat operator, ran two ferries along the same route. ogden sought an injunction against gibbons in a new york state court, claiming that the state had given him exclusive rights to operate the route. in response, gibbons claimed he had the right to operate on the route pursuant to a 1793 act of congress regulating coastal commerce. the new york court found for ogden and ordered gibbons to cease operating his steamships; on appeal, the new york supreme court affirmed the order. gibbons appealed to the u.s. supreme court, which reviewed the case in 1824.

d. hip hop

it was originated in the 70s while the harlem renaissance occured in the 1920s