One reason city-states shifted to democracy was to give the citizens an incentive to perform military service. allow women and slaves to take part in government. allow citizens freedom of speech. prevent the aristocrats from gaining power.

Answer  >   Give Citizens an incentive to perform Military Service.

Hope that helps

b.europe i believe because north america has 3 countries in a way and with all the stuff with illegal immagrants from mexico or whatever so i would say europe.

- "schenck v. united states, case in which the u.s. supreme court ruled on march 3, 1919, that the freedom of speech protection afforded in the u.s. constitution's first amendment could be restricted if the words spoken or printed represented to society a “clear and present danger.” "

- speech aimed to potentially create danger could be banned.

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