Caspian seacaucasus mountainshindu kush mountainshinduismindian oceanislammohenjo- systemherdersiron aryans were a people who lived in the area around the    , between the black sea and    . they were primarily    who gradually migrated throughout europe and into asia. during this time, their use of    allowed them to grow into skilled warriors, which conquer lands as they migrated. 

Questions to Guide Your Reading

What factors led to the decline of the Yuan Dynasty?

Where did the Black Death begin? What factors allowed it to spread across Afro-Eurasia?

What were the social, political, and economic effects of the Black Death on Europe?

How did European states and religious institutions change during the late Middle Ages? What caused these changes?

What were the sources of the Italian Renaissance? How did it alter European culture?

Why did Timur attempt to “externalize” the violence of the steppe?

Key Terms

Council of Constance

Babylonian Captivity of the Church

Humanism

Hundred Years’ War

Italian Renaissance

Malthusian Limits

Mamluk Sultanate

Ottoman Empire

Reconquista

Timur