In europe, many nations are ruled by a monarchy—a royal family of kings and queens. in some countries, monarchies have existed for centuries. what do you think it might have been like to be a monarch 500 years ago? what do you think it might be like to be a monarch today?

Five hundred years ago, kings and queens made all the big decisions for their countries. They controlled the treasuries, commanded armies, and appointed important officials. Today, European monarchs are public figures whose duties are mainly symbolic. They still live in palaces and take part in national ceremonies, but they have little political power.

the triple alliance. germany and austria-hungary were already allies by 1879 when, worried about a threat from russia, they formed the dual alliance. italy joined the group in 1882. there was a concern about a possible attack from france and the alliance needed powerful friends to defend it.

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