Which was a major cause of pollution in america cities during the 1800s

Which of the following is not true about isaac stevens, the first territorial governor of washngton a he was friends with the president franklin pierce b he graduated first in his class at west point academy che served in the mexican-american war he reluctantly accepted the job as governor

And the spark struck out by that steed, in his flight, kindled the land into flame with its heat.what do you think he meant

How do historians define the term “causation "?