Which of the following contributed to the fall of the ghana empire? a.)climate change and struggles with berber groups b.)the loss of trade routes to the kingdom of mali c.)the spread of islam through sub-saharan trade routes d.[)wars with smaller surrounding kingdoms

(d) rivers.

explanation:

civilizations developed around rivers because their waters provided places to hunt and fish. also, as the rivers flooded, the lands around them became fertile. this allowed them to support farming. this is especially true of the nile river, which flooded the same time each year.

the name of the theory is landmass theory.