How did the invention of writing the mesopotamians?

Me asap with these two questions about wwi 20 points will be rewarded.1. what is the significance of the battle of somme? 2. how many years into the war did it take for germany to use poison gas on a large-scale?

Religious toleration was not guaranteed in which of the following english colonies? maryland massachusetts bay virginia new jersey

Idont want to fail what happened in iraq most immediately after saddam hussein was removed from power? a. the new government used chemical weapons against civilians. b. isis declared the formation of the islamic state. c. *** iraqi refugees fled to neighboring countries. d. civil war broke out between different ethnic and religious groups.