Who has all lawmaking powers not listed in section 8? here is section 8:

The Article I, Section 8, specifies the powers of Congress in great detail, limited to those listed and those that are "necessary and proper" to carry them out.

All other lawmaking powers are left to the states. The First Congress, concerned that the limited nature of the federal government was not clear enough in the original Constitution, introduced Amendment X, which reserves to the states or to the people all the powers not assigned to the Federal government.

the correct answer for the first is d