By about 1700 b. c.e., the residents of harappa and mohenjo-daro began to abandon their cities because
a) frequent epidemics made city living impossible.
b) deforestation of the indus river valley brought about ecological degradation.
c) the horse-riding aryans began to invade the cities.
d) the indus river dried up.
e) all these answers are correct.

judaism developed through the growth of a single nation of people

christianity developed through followers spreading the religion throughout the world.

explanation:

in 1897, pershing became a tactical officer at west point, and that's where he was given the nickname "black jack." pershing's first name is "john," for which "jack" is a nickname, and he was a white man who commanded black troops. hence "black jack".