How did the black death affect medieval europe? a)it promoted advanced in medicine that extended the average life span b)it caused economic and social instability by drastically reducing the workforce c)it caused persecution of religious and ethnic minorities to decrease d)it allowed church officials to expand their authority

The answer is B. It caused economic and social instability by drastically reducing the workforce. the Black Death was caused by rats carrying diseases which in turn got humans and animals sick, and when the people got sick they couldnt work which reduced the workforce.

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in 1897, pershing became a tactical officer at west point, and that's where he was given the nickname "black jack." pershing's first name is "john," for which "jack" is a nickname, and he was a white man who commanded black troops. hence "black jack".