Throughout the late eighteenth century and the early nineteenth century, most parts of europe had a monarch who claimed to have the right to rule from . the monarch's accepted legitimacy led to peace and stability. however, thinkers challenged the legitimacy of monarchs’ rule.

Throughout the late eighteenth century and the early nineteenth century, most parts of Europe had a monarch who claimed to have the right to rule from God.

In opposition, the Enlighment thinkers challenged the legitimacy of those absolute monarchs and introduced the first democratic concepts during the last decades of the 18th century: social contract (the power of a state is held by the citizens who should transfer it to political representatives through suffrage), the division of powers (three branches of goverment: legislative, executive and judiciary, in order to prevent authoritarism), etc. These new principles directly threatened the pillars of the governments of the authoritarian kings, and brought reason to the political sphere.

When the legitimacy was questioned, the peace and stabiliy were broken and this is why the 19th century was denominated as the century of the revolutions in Europe.

the results of roman expansion produced social conflict and civil war. julius caesar gained power and became a dictator but was then assassinated. the reign of augustus began a long period of imperial rule and peace in the roman empire. rome faced the problems of how to maintain peace, law, and order.

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on february 25, 2004, at the time the president of united states of america george bush announced that he supports the constitutional amendment to ban the same-sex marriage. but the possibility was left that states can decide whether they allow civil unions.