What effect did the crusades have on trade in western europe? a) they reduced trade from scandinavia and russia. b) they decreased the population in western europe and shrank markets. c) they increased trade and exposure to new items from the middle east. d) they brought islamic merchants into western europe and led to mass conversions.

The correct answer is C) They increased trade and exposure to new items from the Middle East.

The effect that the Crusades had on trade in Western Europe was that  "They increased trade and exposure to new items from the Middle East."

The Crusades were the series of wars that confronted Muslims with Christians to defend Jerusalem,  a place considered sacred for both religions. The Crusaders had many consequences. Regarding commerce, the wars increased trade and exposure to new items from the Middle East in new markets. European people ended up loving luxurious Arab products.

affirmative action refers to the policies that take gender, race, or ethnicity into account in order to promote equal opportunity.

employers subject to title vii are prohibited from taking race or sex into account in any employment decisions. aa is a penalty for having any job group substantially statistically "underutilized" in any race or either sex. the employer must take steps to eliminate the underutilization, then stop, ending its aa efforts

explanation:

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